5-3.缺 Ҹ ̿
Ҵ ҾϿ رǾ ڿҸ .
, ϼ () ڿҵ ԵǾ ִ. 츮 ݺ
̵ ҿ ڿ κ ϼ ϴ 캸.
5-3-1. ر ݰ
1) ر
P رϿ ڿD ٰ .
-> ǥõ ȯ濡 ڿҰ D ٽ P
ʴ Ÿ (̷ " "̶ Ѵ), 츮
ִ ̴. (R-5-3-1) ӵ 翡 Ѵ. ,
Ŀ [P] P Ÿ ̸, տ -
پ ̴. ϳ ʻ ̿Ͽ (5-3-1) Ʒ ٲ
ִ.
̶ (5-2) ʻ ر(decay constant) Ѵ.
ر ־ ڿ- ¦ , µ з¿ ʴ´.
(5-3-2) ϸ ´.
-d[P]/[P] = dt -->
ln([P]/[P]o) = -t | (5-3-3) |
(5-3) ϸ Ʒ ر ´.
ر ڿ [D]* ϸ
̹Ƿ (5-3-4) ǥ ִ.
[D]* = [P]o(1-exp(-t)) | (5-3-6) |
2) ݰ
ݰ(half-life)
ϴµ ɸ ð ǹѴ.
ҿð ǹϴ ̴. ݰ⸦ t1/2 ϸ, (5-3-3) (5-3-7)κ
t1/2 = ln(1/2)/ = 0.693/ | (5-3-8) |
Ʒ ǥ 5-3-1 ڿ ر ر ݰ⸦ ̴.
[ǥ 5-3-1] ڿ ر ر ݰ
() |
ر |
ر (a-1 |
ݰ() |
(%) |
ڿ |
14C |
|
1.21*10-4 |
5730 |
-- |
14N |
40K |
, EC |
5.480*10-10 |
1.27*109 |
0.018 |
40Ca, 40Ar |
50V |
, EC |
1.16*10-16 |
6*1015 |
0.24 |
50Cr, 50Ti |
87Rb |
|
1.419*10-11 |
4.89*1010 |
27.85 |
87Sr |
115In |
|
1.39*10-15 |
5*1014 |
95.72 |
115Sn |
123Te |
EC |
5.78*10-14 |
1.2*1013 |
0.87 |
123Sb |
138La |
EC, |
6.3*10-12 |
1.1*1011 |
0.089 |
138Ba, 138Ce |
142Ce |
|
~1.4*10-17 |
~5*1016 |
11.07 |
138Ba |
144Nd |
|
2.89*10-16 |
2.4*1015 |
23.85 |
140Ce |
147Sm |
|
6.54*10-12 |
1.06*1011 |
14.97 |
143Nd |
152Gd |
|
6.3*10-15 |
1.1*1014 |
0.2 |
148Sm |
176Lu |
|
1.98*10-11 |
3.5*1010 |
2.59 |
176Hf |
174Hf |
|
3.5*10-16 |
2*1015 |
0.18 |
170Yb |
187Re |
|
1.61*10-11 |
4.3*1010 |
62.5 |
187Os |
190Pt |
|
1*10-12 |
7*1011 |
0.013 |
186Os |
232Th |
|
4.990*10-11 |
1.39*1010 |
100 |
208Pb |
234U |
|
2.794*10-6 |
2.44*105 |
0.0055 |
206Pb |
235U |
|
9.8485*10-10 |
7.04*108 |
0.72 |
207Pb |
238U |
|
1.5512*10-10 |
4.47*109 |
99.28 |
206Pb |
|
5-3-2.
1) ʱ ڿ 0 (Ǵ ϴ )
, ̳ ϼ ÿ ڿҰ Ե ʾ Ǵ
ڿҰ ر ̶, ̳ ϼ (5-3-6)
̿Ͽ ִ. (5-3-6) ٽ
[D]* = ([D]*+[P])(1-exp(-t))
| (5-3-9) |
(5-3-9) t ϸ,
t = ln(1+[D]*/[P])/
| (5-3-10) |
(5-3-10) Ǵ ð 뿬̴. ̷ ϴ δ
14C , K-Ar ִ.
14C
14C ַ ߿ ּ(cosmic ray)κ (neutron; n) Ұ Ͽ
:
n + 14N -> 14C + p + e- | (R-5-3-2) |
Ŀ p 缺(proton) ǹѴ. ̷ 14C Ҿؼ Ʒó ӵ ٽ 14N
ٽ رѴ:
14C -> 14N + + + Q- | (R-5-3-3) |
Ŀ (neutrino), Q ر ̴. ־ ǿ (R-5-3-2) (R-5-3-3)
̷ 14C Է ϰ ϸ, ̿ ռ ϴ Ĺ ü ռ ӵǴ
14C ϰ ȴ. ̴ Ĺ Ͽ ư 鿡 ־ ̸, ̸
ȭϸ κ źҸ Ǵ ( , ź꿰, ) ־
14C Է ȴ. ٰ, ̵ ( Ѵٴ,
Ÿȴٴ ϸ) ̵ 14C Է ر ( R-5-3-3) ð
پ ȴ. ̵ 14C ( ̷ ) ʱ Է Է ˸ (5-3)
̿Ͽ ִ. (5-3-3) Ͽ ϸ
t = (1/) ln(Ao/A) | (5-3-11) |
A 缱 , Ao ʱ 缱 ʱ 14C ϴ
ϸ ȴ. Ao ȯ濡 ٸ ־ Ѵ.
K-Ar
40K ȹر 40Ar ÿ ر 40Ca رȴ.
ڿ ӵ (5-2) Ͽ ǥ ִ.
d[40Ar]/dt = Ar[40K] | (5-3-12) |
d[40Ca]/dt = Ca[40K] | (5-3-13) |
⼭, Ar=0.581*10-10/a̸ Ca=4.962*10-10/a̴. (5-3-12) (5-3-13)κ
d[40Ca]/dt = (Ca/Ar) d[40Ar]/dt | (5-3-14) |
ȭ
d[40K]/dt = -(d[40Ar]/dt + d[40Ca]/dt) | (5-3-15) |
(5-3-15) (5-3-14) ϰ ϸ
d[40Ar] = -Ard[40K]/(Ar+Ca) | (5-3-16) |
(5-3-16) ϸ
[40Ar]-[40Ar]o = -Ar/(Ar+Ca)([40K]-[40K]o) | (5-3-17) |
Ar ü̹Ƿ ʱ 0̴ (,[40Ar]o=0). Ŀ (5-3-4) Ͽ ϸ
ִ:
[40Ar] = Ar[40K](exp(t)-1)/ | (5-3-18) |
Ŀ = (Ar+Ca)̴.
2) ó ڿҰ ϴ
츮 ϰ ϴ -ڿ ¦
ڿҰ ϼ ú ԵǾ ִٸ ɱ? мǴ ڿ
ѷ([D]t) ó ϴ ([D]o) ر ؼ
([D]*) ̹Ƿ, ʱ ˸ (5-3-10) ̿Ͽ
̴. , ܼ 꿡 ؼ ʱ ڿ ˱ . ̸ ˱ ؼ
ر ˾ƾϰ, ر ˱ ؼ ٽ
ʱ ڿ ˾ƾ ϴ ȯ ̴.
ذ 缺 ̵ Ұ ȭ
߿ к(fractionation) ʴ´ٴ ִ. ̳ ϼ ó
κп ҿ ڿ Է ٸ ̴. ð ر Ǹ鼭
Ұ κп ڿҰ κп ڿҰ .
ϼ ڿ ܼ ϸ ⼺ ã
Ұϴ. , ر Ǵ ڿҿ ڿ ر
([D]n) ([D]t/[D]n) 캸 ϸ
̾߱ . ռ ٿ , 缺 Ҵ к ,
ʱ ̴.
[D]t=[D]o+[D]* (5-3-4) (5-3-6)κ 踦
ִ:
[D]t=[D]o+[P](exp(t)-1) | (5-3-19) |
纯 [D]n ָ Ʒ ִ:
[D]t/[D]n=[D]o/[D]n+([P]/[D]n)(exp(t)-1) | (5-3-20) |
(5-3-20) [D]o/[D]n Ǯ ÿ ´.
̷ ([P]/[D]n) [D]t/[D]n xy ϸ,
ð ̷ Ǹ, ð(isochron)̶ θ.
ð y κ [D]o/[D]n (exp(t)-1)κ (t) ִ.
Ʒ 5-3-1 87Rb-87Sr ر ¦ ̿ ϴ Ÿ ̴.
[ 5-3-1]. 87Rb-87Sr ر ð.
(ó: http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/eens211/radiometric_dating.php)
Rb-Sr
弮 ϴ ȭ ȴ. Ʒ :
87Sr /86Sr =(87Sr /86Sr)o +
(87Rb/86Sr )(exp(t)-1) | (5-3-21) |
Sm-Nd, La-Ce, Lu-Hf
Ca dz (ķ긮Ʊ) ȭ ַ ̿Ǵ ̴. ̵ Ʒ :
143Nd/144Nd =(143Nd/144Nd)o +
(143Sm/144Nd)(exp(t)-1) | (5-3-22) |
138Ce/140Ce =(138Ce/140Ce)o +
(/)(138La/140Ce )(exp(t)-1) | (5-3-23) |
176Hf/177Hf =(176Hf/177Hf)o +
(176Lu/177Hf)(exp(t)-1) | (5-3-24) |
Re-Os
, ʿ⼺ ּ(molybdenite) ϼ ȴ. ϼ Re-Os Է
м ־ Ǵ ƴϴ. Ʒ :
187Os/186Os =(187Os/186Os)o +
(187Re/186Os)(exp(t)-1) | (5-3-25) |
U, Th-Pb
U̳ Th ϴ Ͽ ˾Ƴ ִ:
206Pb/204Pb =(206Pb/204Pb)o +
(238U/204Pb)(exp(1t)-1) | (5-3-26) |
207Pb/204Pb =(207Pb/204Pb)o +
(235U/204Pb)(exp(2t)-1) | (5-3-27) |
208Pb/204Pb = (208Pb/204Pb)o +
(232Th/204Pb)(exp(t)-1) | (5-3-29) |
ġ ִµ, ڿҰ Ϻ ǵǾ
(Ǵ Ұ ȭ Ǿ ) ɼ ִ. ̷ 缱 տ
Ͼ. ̷ , ٸ - (Lead-lead method) õ ִ.
(5-3-27) (5-3-26) ָ,
{(207Pb/204Pb)- (207Pb/204Pb)o}/
{(206Pb/204Pb)- (206Pb/204Pb)o}=
(235U/238U){(exp(2t)-1)/(exp(1t)-1)} | (5-3-30) |
207Pb/204Pb y 206Pb/204Pb x Ͽ ϸ ־ 235U/238U
̷, (5-3-30) Ⱑ ȴ. , (5-3-30) ɿ Ǯ ʴ´.
ʱ 缺 (ڿ) 0 ִٸ, Pb ǿ ſ Ȯ ִ.
(ZrSiO4), Ʈ, ȸ ǥ ̷ ε, Zr+4 U+4̳ Th+4
ġȯ Pb+2 Ͽ ũ ̰ ʹ ġȯ ʱ Pb Է 0 ȴ.
ʱ ڿ 0 , (5-3-26) (5-3-27) ȴ:
206Pb*/238U =
(exp(1t)-1) | (5-3-31) |
207Pb*/235U =
(exp(2t)-1) | (5-3-32) |
(5-3-31) (5-3-32) ,
(206Pb*/238U)/(207Pb*/235U) =
(exp(1t)-1)/(exp(2t)-1) | (5-3-33) |
(5-3-33) 캯 ɿ ؼ , Pb ٸ 207Pb*/235U
x 206Pb*/238U y ϴ 뿬 ȭ ϳ ̷
ȴ. concordia θ. Pb ,
ñ ܵ Pb ٸ Ǵµ, ϳ ̷ ȴ.
discordia θ. discordia ̷ , discordia
concordia concordia ȴ. Ʒ 5-3-2 concordia dicordia ִ ̴.
[ 5-3-2]. 207Pb*/235U - 206Pb*/238U
concordia, discordia.
ð
ϼ , () ð 鼭 رϿ ڿҸ .
Ǯ(pool)κ ϼ ʱ ڿ ٴ ̹ Ͽ.
̵ ϼ ܺο , ҿ ڿ ٸ, ҿ ڿ
ð Ⱑ Ŀ (5-3-1) ̷ ȴ.
, ϼ ܺο ۿ ٸ ϼ
ڿ ұ? ϼ ü ȭ ٴ ̴. , ۿ뿡
ϼ ڿ Ǹ, ð 鼭 ٽ ڿ
ϰ ȴ. ̷ ϼ ü ɰ иϿ
ٸ ̴ 찡 ְ ȴ. ü ,
ð(reequilibrium time Ǵ reequilibrium age)̶ Ѵ. Ʒ
(5-3-3) ϼ ü ٸ ִ ִ ̴
[ 5-3-3]. ϼ ð . ti ϼ ̸,
tm ð̴.
|