3-3. ½ÇÇè½Ç ÃøÁ¤ ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ
½ÇÇè½Ç¿¡¼ ÃøÁ¤ÇÒ ¼öÁú Ç׸ñÀ» Å©°Ô ³ª´©¸é ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Ð Á¾ÇÕÀû ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ ¹× °³º°Àû ¼öÁúÇ׸ñÀ¸·Î ³ª´ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ¶Ç ÇÑÆíÀ¸·Î´Â ¿ëÁ¸ ¹«±â¼ººÐ °ü·Ã ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ, ¿ëÁ¸ À¯±â¼ººÐ °ü·Ã ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ, ¹Ì»ý¹° °ü·Ã ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ ¹× ±âŸ Ç׸ñ µîÀ¸·Î ³ª´ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Á¾ÇÕÀû ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ(aggregate water quality parameter)Àº ¿©·¯ ¼ººÐÀÇ º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ ÀÛ¿ë °á°ú ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¼öÁú Ç׸ñÀ¸·Î °æµµ, ¿°µµ µîÀÌ ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °³º°Àû ¼öÁú Ç׸ñÀº ÇϳªÀÇ ¼ººÐ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Áö½ÃµÇ´Â ¼öÁú Ç׸ñÀ¸·Î ´ëºÎºÐ ¿ëÁ¸ ¼ººÐÀÇ ³óµµ ¹× pH µîÀÌ ¿©±â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÑ´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡¼´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÐ·ù ´ë½Å, ¹«±â, À¯±â, ¹Ì»ý¹° ¹× ±âŸ Ç׸ñ µîÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾î ±× Á¾·ù¸¦ °£´ÜÈ÷ »ìÆ캸±â·Î ÇÏÀÚ.
1). ¿ëÁ¸ ¹«±â¼ººÐ °ü·Ã ¼öÁúÇ׸ñ
¨ç ±Ý¼Ó ¼ººÐ (ºñ¹æ»ç´É) ÇÔ·®
ÀÌµé ¼ººÐÀº ´ëºÎºÐ ¾çÀÌ¿Â ¹× ±×ÀÇ Âø¹° ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¸ÀçÇϸç, ÈçÈ÷ ¸»ÇÏ´Â Áß±Ý¼Ó ¼ººÐÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇؼ ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¼ººÐµéÀ» ÁöĪÇÑ´Ù:
Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Ca, Cs, Cr, Co, Cu, Au, Ir, Fe, Pb, Li, Mg, Mn, Hg, Mo, Ni, Os, Pa, Pt, K, Re, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Na, Sr, Tl, Th, Sn, Ti, V, Zn.
(ÀÌ ¼ø¼´Â ¼ººÐ ¿ø¼Ò À̸§ÀÇ ¾ËÆĺª ¼øÀÌ´Ù)
À̵é Áß, ¸î¸î ¼ººÐÀ» Á¦¿ÜÇÑ ´ëºÎºÐ ¼ººÐÀÇ ÇÔ·®Àº À¯µµ°áÇÕÇöóÁ ¹æÃâºÐ±¤ºÐ¼®±â (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometer; ICP-AES) ¹× À¯µµ°áÇÕÇöóÁ Áú·®ºÐ¼®±â (ICP-Mass Spectrometer; ICP-MS)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Au, Ir, Pt µî ¸î¸î ±Ý¼Ó¿ø¼ÒÀÇ ÇÔ·®Àº ¹æÃâºÐ±¤ºÐ¼®¹ýº¸´Ù ¿øÀÚÈí¼öºÐ±¤ºÐ¼®¹ý(Atomic Absorption Spectrometry; AAS)À¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁÀ¸¸ç, HgÀÇ ÇÔ·®Àº DithiozineÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© Âø»öÇÑ ÈÄ ºñ»ö°è(Colorimeter)¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ºÐ¼®Çϰųª, Cold-Vapor Èí¼öºÐ±¤ºÐ¼®¹ýÀ̶ó´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÑ´Ù.
¨è ºñ±Ý¼Ó¼ººÐ ÇÔ·®
ÀÌµé ¼ººÐÀº ´ëºÎºÐ À½ÀÌ¿Â ¹× ±×ÀÇ Âø¹° ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¸ÀçÇϸç, ÀϺδ ÀüÇÏ°¡ ¾ø´Â ¿ëÁ¸ ºÐÀÚ ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¸ÀçÇÑ´Ù. ¿©±â¿¡ ¼ÓÇÏ´Â ¼ººÐµé·Î´Â ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °ÍµéÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù:
B, Br, CO2, CO3, CN, Cl, ClO2, F, I2, I, NH3, NO2, NO3, O2, O3, PO4, SiO2, S2-, SO3, SO4, pH.
À§ ¿°ÅÇÑ ¼ººÐµé Áß, À½ÀÌ¿Â ÇüÅ·ΠÁ¸ÀçÇÏ´Â ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °Íµé(Br, Cl, F, NO2, NO3, PO4, SO3, SO4)ÀÇ ÇÔ·®Àº ÀÌ¿ÂÅ©·Î¸¶Åä±×¶óÇÁ·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±× ¿Ü, ÀÌ¿Â Àü±Ø(CO2, CN, F, NH3, O2, pH), ºñ»ö¹ý ¹× UV/visible ºÐ±¤±â (CN, NO2, O3, PO4, SiO2), Àü·ù¹ý (amperometry; Cl, ClO2, I2), ÀûÁ¤¹ý (titrimetry; CO3, CN, NH3), ¿ä¿ÀµåÀûÁ¤¹ý (Iodometry; Cl, ClO2, O2, SO3), Áß·®¹ý (gravimetry; SiO2, SO4), ±×¸®°í À¯µµ°áÇÕÇöóÁ ¹æÃâºÐ±¤ºÐ¼®¹ý (B) µîÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÏ¿© ÇÔ·® ºÐ¼®À» ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¨é ¹æ»ç´É ¿ø¼Ò ÇÔ·®
ÀÌ´Â ¹«±â¼ººÐ °ü·Ã Ç׸ñ°ú´Â ºÐ¸®Çؼ µû·Î ±â¼úÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÁöÇϼö·ÎºÎÅÍ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â ¹æ»ç´É ¾çÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¿ø¼Òµé·Î ´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº °ÍÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù:
Cs*, I*, Ra, Sr*, T, U.
À§¿¡¼ *Àº ¹æ»ç´É ¿ø¼Ò¸¦ °¡¸®Å°´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ ¿ø¼ÒµéÀÇ ¾çÀº ħÀü, Áõ·ù ¹× ±âŸ ¹æ»ç´É ÃøÁ¤¹ýÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÑ´Ù.
2) ¿ëÁ¸ À¯±â¼ººÐ °ü·Ã ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ
ÀÚ¿¬°èÀÇ ¿À¿°µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ÁöÇϼö¿¡´Â º¸Åë ¿ëÁ¸ À¯±â¹°ÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Àû´Ù. µû¶ó¼, ¿©±â¿¡¼ ±â¼úÇÏ´Â À¯±â¼ººÐÀº ´ëºÎºÐ Àΰ£¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ »ê¾÷ È°µ¿ °á°ú À¯·¡µÈ ¿À¿°¹°ÀÏ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ À¯±â ¼ººÐµéÀº ÀûÀýÇÑ Àüó¸® °úÁ¤À» °ÅÃÄ °í¼º´É ¾×üũ·Î¸¶Åä±×¶óÇÁ (High Performance Liquid Chromatograph; HPLC)³ª ±âüũ·Î¸¶Åä±×¶óÇÁ (Gas Chromatograph; GC)¸¦ ÅëÇØ Á÷Á¢ ºÐ¼®Çϰųª, ÀÌµé ±â°è¿Í UV/Visible ºÐ±¤±â ¶Ç´Â Áú·®ºÐ¼®±â¸¦ °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¾ó¸¶ Àü ¹Ì±¹È¯°æûÀº ÁÖ¸ñÇØ¾ß ÇÒ ÁöÇϼö ³» À¯±â¿À¿°¹°µéÀÇ ¸ñ·ÏÀ» ¹ßÇ¥ÇÏ¿´´Âµ¥ (Cherry, 1984), ÀÌ ¸ñ·ÏÀº ¾Æ·¡¿Í °°´Ù:
¨ç ¼¼Ã´ °¡´ÉÇÑ À¯±â¹° (Purgeable organics): 31 °³
Acrolein, Acrylonitrile, Benzene, Tolune, Ethylbenzene, Carbon tetrachloride, Chlorobenzene, 1,2-Dichlorobenzene, 1,1-Dichloroethane, 1,1-Dichloroethylene, 1,1,1-Trichlorobenzene, 1,1,2-Trichloroethane, 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane, Chloroethane, 2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether, Chloroform, 1,2-Dichloropropane, 1,3-Dichloropropene, Methylene chloride, Methyl chloride, Methyl bromide, Bromoform, Dichlorobromomethane, Trichlorofluoromethane, Dichlorodifluoromethane, Chlorodibromomethane, Tetrachloroethylene, Trichloroethylene, Vinyle chloride, 1,2-trans-Dichloroethylene bis(Chloromethyl) ether
¨è »ê ÃßÃâ °¡´É À¯±â¹° (Acid extractable organics): 11 °³
Phenol, 2-Nitrophenol, 4-nitrophenol, 2,4-Dinitrophenol, 4,6-Dinitro-o-cresol, Pentachlorophenol, p-Chloro-m-cresol, 2-Chlorophenol, 2,4-Dichlorophenol, 2,4,6-Trichlorophenol, 2,4-Dimethyl phenol.
¨é ¿°±â/Áß¼º ÃßÃâ °¡´É À¯±â¹° (Base/neutral extractable organics): 46 °³
1,2-Dichlorobenzene, 1,3-Dichlorobenzene, 1,4-Dichlorobenzene, Hexachloroethane, Hexachlorobutadiene, Hexachlorobenzene, 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, bis(2-Chloroethoxy) methane, Napthalene, 2-Chloronapthalene, Isophorone, Nitrobenzene, 2,4-Dinitrotoluene, 2,6-Dinitrotoluene, 4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether, bis(2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate, Di-n-octyl phthalate, Dimethyl phthalate, Diethyl phthalate, Di-n-butyl phthalate, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Butyl benzyl phthalate, Fluorene, Fluoranthene, Chrysene, Pyrene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Benzo(a)anthracene, Benzo(b)fluoranthene. Benzo(k)fluoranthene, Benzo(a)pyrene, Indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene, Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, Benzo(g,h,i)perylene, 4-Chlorophenyl phenyl ether, 3,3'-Dichlorobenzidine, Benzidine, bis(2-Chloroethyl) ether, 1,2 diphenyl hydrazine, Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, N-Nitrosodiphenylamine, N-Nitrosodimethylamine, N-Ntrorosodi-n-propylamine, bis(2-Chlorosopropyl) ether.
¨ê ³ó¾à ¹× PCB·ù (Pesticides/PCB's): 26 °³
¥á-Endosulfan, ¥â-Endosulfan, Endosulfan sulfate, ¥á-BHC, ¥â-BHC, ¥ä-BHC, ¥ã-BHC, Aldrin, Dieldrin. 4,4'-DDE, 4,4'-DDO, 4,4'-DOT, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, Chlordane, Toxaphene, Aroclor 1016, Aroclor 1221, Aroclor 1232, Aroclor 1242, Aroclor 1248, Aroclor 1254, Aroclor 1260, 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxine, Endine, Endine aldehyde
¨ë ±âŸ (Miscellaneous)
Total cyanides, Total phenols
3) ¹Ì»ý¹° °ü·Ã ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ
ÀÌ ºÎºÐ¿¡ °üÇؼ´Â ƯÈ÷ ¹Ì»ý¹°ÇÐÀÚ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ÀÚ¹®ÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¿©±â¼´Â °£´ÜÈ÷ ¹Ì»ý¹°°ú °ü·ÃÇؼ ¾î¶°ÇÑ Ç׸ñµéÀ» ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ´ÂÁö¸¦ ³ª¿ÇÏ·Á Çϸç, ÀÌ Ç׸ñµéÀÇ ÃøÁ¤ ¹æ¹ýÀº Greenberg et al. (1992)¸¦ ÂüÁ¶Çϱ⠹ٶõ´Ù.
¨ç Á¾¼Ó¿µ¾ç¼¼±Õ¼ö (Heterotrophic plate count; HPC)
¨è Ãѹ̻ý¹°¼ö (Direct total microbial count)
¨é À¯±âµ¿Èź¼Ò·® (Assimilable organic carbon)
¨ê ´ëÀå±Õ
¤¡. Multiple-tube fermentation technique for members of coliform group
¤¤. Membrane filter technique for members of coliform group
¤§. Chromogenic substrate coliform test
¤©. Differentiation of the coliform bacteria
¨ë ºÐ¿ø¼º ¿¬¼â»ó±¸±Õ ¹× Àå³»¿¬¼â»ó±¸±Õ (Fecal streptococcus and Enterococcus group)
¨ì ö ¹× Ȳ ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ (Iron and Sulfur Bacteria)
¨í ¾×Ƽ³ë¸¶À̼¼½º °ËÃâ (Detection of Actinomycetes)
¨î º´¿ø¼º ¼¼±Õ °ËÃâ (Detection of pathogenic bacteria)
¨ï Àå ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º °ËÃâ (Detection of enteric viruses)
¨ð ±Õ·ù °ËÃâ (Detection of fungi)
4) ±âŸ ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ
Áö±Ý±îÁö ±â¼úµÈ °Í ÀÌ¿ÜÀÇ ¼öÁúÇ׸ñ Áß¿¡¼, ÀÚÁÖ °Å·ÐµÇ´Â ¼öÁúÇ׸ñ Áß ºüÁø °ÍµéÀ» ¾Æ·¡¿¡ Á¤¸®ÇÏ¿´´Ù:
¨ç ¿ëÁ¸ ¹°Áú ÃÑ·®¿¡ µû¸¥ ¼öÁúÇ׸ñ
¤¡. ÃÑ¿ëÁ¸°íÇü¹°Áú·® (Total dissolved solids)
¤¤. ¿°µµ (salinity)
¨è °æµµ (hardness)
¨é »ê¼Ò °ü·Ã ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ
¤¡. ¿ëÁ¸ »ê¼Ò·® (Dissolved oxygen; DO)
¤¤. »ý¹°ÇÐÀû »ê¼Ò ¿ä±¸·® (Biological oxyegn demand; BOD)
¤§. ÈÇÐÀû »ê¼Ò ¿ä±¸·® (Chemical oxygen demand; COD)
¨ê Àü±ØÀüÀ§ (Electrode potential; Eh)
¨ë »ö, ³¿»õ, ¸À
¨ì ºÎÀ¯¹°Áú°ú °ü·ÃµÈ Ç׸ñ
¤¡. ºÎÀ¯°íÇü¹°Áú·® (Suspended solids; SS)
¤¤. Źµµ (Turbidity)
Áö±Ý±îÁö ÃøÁ¤ÇÏ¿©¾ß ÇÒ ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ¼öÁú Ç׸ñµéÀ» ¿°ÅÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀÌµé ¼öÁú Ç׸ñµéÁß¿¡´Â ¼ÒÀ§ ¡®¼öÁú±âÁØÄ¡¡¯¿¡ ±ÔÁ¤µÈ ¼öÁú Ç׸ñµµ ÀÖ°í, ±×·¸Áö ¾ÊÀº ¼öÁú Ç׸ñµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ºñ·Ï ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ¿¡ ±ÔÁ¤µÇÁö ¾ÊÀº ¼öÁú Ç׸ñÀÌ¶óµµ ÁöÇϼöÁúÀ» Á¦´ë·Î ±â¼úÇÏ°í ºÐ·ùÇÏ¿© È¿À²ÀûÀÎ ¼öÀÚ¿ø °ü¸®¸¦ Çϱâ À§Çؼ´Â ¸ðµÎ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍµéÀÌ´Ù.
¼öÁúÀÇ ºÐ·ù ¹× °ü¸®¸¦ À§ÇØ Áö±Ý±îÁö ¿°ÅÇÑ ¸ðµç ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀڷḦ ¼öÁýÇØ¾ß ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¿ÀÈ÷·Á À§ Ç׸ñ Áß ÀϺθ¸À» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿© Çؼ®ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ´õ ¸¹Àº °ÍÀÌ »ç½ÇÀÌ´Ù. µû¶ó¼, ¼öÁúÀÇ ºÐ·ù ¹× Çؼ®¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ» Àß ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¼öÁú ÀڷḦ Á¤¸®ÇÏ¿© °èȹ¼º ÀÖ´Â ¼öÁú ºÐ¼® ¹× ÀÚ·á ¼öÁýÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¸¹Àº °æ¿ì, ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ¿øÇÏ´Â ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¸ðµç ºÐ¼®À» ¼öÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´É·ÂÀ» °®Ãá »ç¶÷Àº µå¹°´Ù. µû¶ó¼ ¼öÁú ºÐ¼®À» ¿ÜºÎ ±â°ü¿¡ ÀÇ·ÚÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì°¡ ¸¹Àºµ¥, ¡®¸Ô´Â»ù¹°¹ý¡¯À̳ª ¡®ÁöÇϼö¹ý¡¯°ú °°Àº ¹ý·É¿¡ µû¸£¸é ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ¼öÁú Ç׸ñµéÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ» Á¤ÇÑ °øÁ¤½ÃÇè¹ý´ë·Î ºÐ¼®Çϵµ·Ï µÇ¾îÀÖ´Ù. ¹ýÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦ ¶Ç´Â °øÀûÀÎ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çʿ伺À¸·Î ¼öÁú Ç׸ñ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀڷḦ ¿øÇÑ´Ù¸é ÀÌ¿Í °°Àº ±ÔÁ¤À» µû¸£´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ°ÚÀ¸³ª, ±â¼ú°³¹ßÀ̳ª ¿¬±¸°³¹ß°ú °°Àº ºñ¿µ¸®Àû ¸ñÀûÀ» À§Çؼ´Â º¸ÅëÀÇ ºÐ¼®±â°ü¿¡ ÀÇ·ÚÇØ ±× ±â°ü¿¡¼ ÈçÈ÷ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó ºÐ¼®ÇÏ´Â °Íµµ ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀϺΠ°øÁ¤½ÃÇè¹ý¿¡ ÀÇÇØ Á¤ÀÇµÈ ºÐ¼® ¹æ¹ýÀº ¶§·Î ³Ê¹« ³°¾Æ Çö´ëÀûÀÎ ºÐ¼® °üÁ¡¿¡¼ º¼ ¶§ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ½Å·Ú¼ºÀÌ ¶³¾îÁö´Â °æ¿ìµµ Á¾Á¾ Àֱ⠋š¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¿äÁîÀ½ ¸¹Àº ºÐ¼® ±â°üµéÀÌ ¼öÁú Ç׸ñµéÀ» ºÐ¼®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ±â°üÀ¸·Î ÀÎÁõ¹ÞÀ¸·Á ³ë·ÂÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÀÎÁõ±â°üÀ» ÅëÇØ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ ¼öÁú ÀÚ·áµéÀº ÃæºÐÈ÷ ½Å·ÚÇÒ¸¸ÇÏ¸ç ¹ýÀû °ø½ÄÀûÀ¸·Î ±× È¿·ÂÀ» ¹ßÈÖÇÒ °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
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